TAX HAS TENET US ALLE: NOTES
1 Tax. The poll taxes of 1377, 1379, 1380-81, which were one of the chief causes of the rebellion of 1381. The manuscript lines are executed as long lines, with the Latin ending each line. Lines 1-4 might be considered an example of what Embree terms "the king's ignorance topos." See the note to lines 45-46 of Truthe, Reste, and Pes, and On the Times, lines 93-96.
3 smalle. The tax collectors diverted much of the collections to their own pockets.
9 Kent. "The first concentration of the peasants was at Maidstone under Wat Tyler, and the first town to endorse them was Canterbury" (RHR).
25 blwun. Wr, RA, blw_ (?). To "blow" boasts is to boast a lot as a "blowhard" might do.
29 endorst. Wr, RA, reads endost.
32 pro caede. Wr, RA, reads procede.
35 bischop. Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England, Simon Sudbury, who originated the poll tax. The rebels executed him in London. R. F. Green has argued that the verses below (from Syng y wold, butt, alas! [On the Times, Index § 3113]) allude to the archbishop and suggest that the whole poem points to events of 1380 rather than 1388, as previously believed:
Symon, þat fals man,
decori nocet ecclesiarum;
Myche sorwe he began,
virus diffudit amarum.
(C Text)
See "Jack Philipot, John of Gaunt, and a Poem of 1380," Speculum 66 (1991), 330-41 at p. 340. Green concludes: "This poem [Tax Has Tenet Us Alle] too is macaronic, and it bears a striking metrical and stylistic resemblance to On the Times. It is tempting to see these two pieces as the work of a single author, who, writing on the eve and on the morrow of the Peasants' Revolt, has, as it were, bequeathed us both prologue and epilogue to that dramatic event" (p. 341).
41-60 Not in the Cambridge MS. Supplied from the Oxford text, checked against RHR and Wr.
41 Jak Strawe. In the literature of the Peasants' Revolt, Jack Straw is often cited as a rebel leader. Straw and Thomas Farringdon burned Robert Hales's great manor of Highbury (see note to line 49). Compare also Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale: "Certes, he Jakke Straw and his meynee / Ne made nevere shoutes half so shrille / Whan that they wolden any Flemyng kille, / As thilke day was maad upon the fox" (VII.3394-97).
48 stiva. Wr, RA, reads otiva (?).
49 Hales. Sir Robert Hales, Prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and Royal Treasurer. When Hales, along with Archbishop Simon Sudbury and others, took refuge in the Tower, the rebels dragged them out to Tower Hill and beheaded them (Friday, 14 June 1381).
52 stultis. Wr, RA, reads stultus.
55 Savoy. The wealthy and beautiful ("semely") palace of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, located on the Strand near the river Thames. On Thursday, 13 June, the rebels burned the Savoy to the ground and turned Gaunt's coat of arms upside down (sign of a traitor to the realm).
57 Arcan. Joshua had forbidden his troops to pillage Jericho after its fall but Achan disobeyed and was stoned to death (Joshua 7). The leaders of the Peasants' Revolt also issued orders against looting, but the orders were widely violated. Wr, RA, and Krochalis and Peters, who follow the Digby MS rather than the Cambridge MS, read Arcadon for Arcan don.
61-64 Owre kyng . . . paterna. Richard was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, celebrated military leader and hero of the battle of Poitiers (1356), who captured the French king John. The Black Prince led his captive through the streets of London in a triumphal procession. During the Peasants' Revolt, while some secluded themselves from the mob's fury, Richard valiantly confronted the rebels at Smithfield (Saturday, 15 June), parleying briefly with Walter (or Wat) Tyler, the rebel leader. When William Walworth, mayor of London, tried to arrest Tyler and when Tyler drew a dagger, a valet killed Tyler and the crowds eventually dispersed.
62 alii. Cambridge MS alios.
65-66 Jak Straw . . . superna. Jack Straw was executed but not at Smithfield. It was Wat Tyler who was struck down at the Smithfield conference.
65 he kest. So Cambridge MS; RHR þey cast.