Finally, we would like to give special thanks to Rosemary Paprocki and Alan Lupack, who did us the immeasurable service of tracking down many of the most obscure references.
burgundy, p.138 - "wine made in Burgundy, generally understood to apply to the red wines of that province, unless otherwise stated." (OED)
canary, p.182 - "a light sweet wine from the Canary islands." (OED)
claree, p.425 - "a name of yellowish or light red wines, as distinguished from "red" and "white" wines; used, about 1600, for red wines generally. Now applied to the red wines imported from Bordeaux." (OED)
dry sherry, p.425 - See "sherry."
hippocras, p.425 - "a cordial drink made of wine flavored with spices." (OED)
hock, p.425 - "The wine called in German Hochheimer, produced at Hochheim on the Main; hence, any German white wine." (OED)
malmsey wine, p.138 - "a strong sweet wine, originally the product of the neighborhood of Monemvasia in the Morea; but now obtained from Spain, the Azores, and the islands of Madeira and the Canaries, as well as from Greece." (OED)
mead, p.138 - "an alcoholic liquor made by fermenting a mixture of honey and water; also called methgelin." (OED)
Metheglyn, p.10 - "a spiced mediated variety of mead, originally peculiar to Wales." (OED)
mountain dew, p.236 - Scotch whiskey. (OED)
perry, p.425 - "a beverage resembling cider made from the juice of pears." (OED)
piment, p.374 - "a drink composed of wine sweetened with honey and
flavored with spices." (OED)
port, p.10 - "a well-known strong dark-red wine of Portugal, having a sweet and slightly astringent taste." (OED)
sherry, p.138 - "in modern use,...a class of Spanish fortified white wines of similar character and. . . wines made elsewhere in imitation of Spanish sherry. Also a wine of this kind." (OED)
usquebaugh, p.237 - "Irish and Sc. Gaelic uisge beatha 'water of life', = whiskey." (OED)
whisky, p.425 - "A spirituous liquor distilled originally in Ireland and Scotland, and in the British Islands still chiefly, from malted barley, US chiefly from maize or rye." (OED)
brachet, p.24 - "A kind of hound that hunts by scent; in later Eng. use always fem." (OED)
cameleopard, p.31 - a giraffe.
cetes of badgers, p.142 - a company of badgers.
Chaladrii, p.254 - See Birds
Chaladrius, p.255 - See Birds
Cinomulgi, p.254 - See Birds.
Cocodrills, p.254 - "It breeds in the River Nile: an animal with four feet, amphibious, generally about thirty feet long, armed with horrible teeth and claws. So great is the hardness of its skin that no blow can hurt a crocodile, not even if hefty stones are bounced upon its back." (White 49)
conies, p.15 - rabbits.
corkindrill, p.30 - most likely an early variant spelling for crocodile (see OED under "crocodile").
corvidae, p.155 - raven family.
Dragons, p.254 - "a mythical beast. . .commonly conceived of as a kind of large serpent of hostile disposition." (Murphy 290)
emmets, p.129 - ants.
ermines, p.170 - weasels.
falco, (M), p.20 - Latin for falcon.
Falco leonis serpentis, p.109 - faux scientific name for the Griffin, a mythical creature with the front parts of an eagle and the hind parts of a lion.
ferae naturae, (M), p.7 - wild animals.
Foraminifera, (M), p.42 - organisms that are foraminifers: "any of an order (Foraminifera) of large chiefly marine rhizopod protozoans usually having calcareous shells that often are perforated with minute holes for protrusion of slender pseudopodia and form the bulk of chalk and nummulitic limestone." (www.merriam-webster.com)
grampus, p.282 - one of various delphinois cetaceans, having a high falcate dorsal fin and a blunt rounded head, and remarkable for their spouting and blowing. (OED)
Griffins, p.254 - "a mythological monster. . .fabled to be the offspring of the lion and the eagle." (Murphy 429)
hart, p.23 - "The male of the deer; spec. a male deer after its fifth year." (OED)
Ibex, p.255 - a species of wild goat inhabiting the Alps or Apennines. (OED)
leveret, p.556 - a young hare, especially one in its first year. (OED)
libbard, p.23 - an archaic form of "leopard."
lob-worm, p.50 - "a large earthworm used as bait by anglers." (OED)
Manticores, p.254 - "It has a threefold row of teeth meeting alternately: the face of a man, with gleaming, blood-red eyes: a lion's body: a tail like the sting of a scorpion, and a shrill voice which is so sibilant that it resembles the notes of a flute." (White 51)
Messor barbarus, p.125 - species of ant.
ovis ammon , p.178 - a kind of large wild sheep.
Pegasus, p.174 - "in classical mythology, the winged horse of the Muses." (Murphy 786)
pinemarten, p.84 - "an animal or any one of certain species of Mustela, yielding a valuable fir." (OED)
puss-moth, p.31 - a large European bombycid moth. (OED)
richesses of martens, p.142 - wealth/opulence of an animal or any one of a certain species of Mustela, yielding a valuable fur. (OED)
roach, p.48 - a small freshwater fish of the Carp family. (OED)
routs of wolves, p.142 - packs of wolves.
sea weasels, p.468 - "an old name of the lamprey." (Smyth 605)
Sirens, p.254 - A Siren is "a mythical monster, half woman and half bird. Sirens were said by Greek poets to entice seamen by the sweetness of their song to such a degree that listeners forgot everything and died of hunger." (Murphy 952)
sticklebacks, p.50 - a small spiny-finned fish. (OED)
stoat, p.40 - European ermine (weasel). (OED)
Tapinoma, p.127 - See "Bothriomyrmex."
tench, p.46 - a thick-bodied freshwater fish. (OED)
T. natrix, (M), p.26 - a water snake.
tunny, (M), p.134 - a scromboid fish of the genus Orcynus. (OED)
unicorns, p.134 - "A fabulous animal, represented by medieval writers as having the legs of a buck, the tail of a lion, the head and body of a horse, and a single horn - white at the base, black in the middle, and red at the tip; its body is white; head, red; and eyes, blue. The earliest author to describe it is Ctesias (400 BC)." (Murphy 1061)
warrantable beast, p.23 - See Hunting.
Yale, p.255 - a fabulous beast with horns and tusks. (OED)
inswinger, p.318 - "A ball bowled with a swerve or swing from the off to leg in its flight; also, the bowler of such a ball." (OED)
leg-glide, p.318 - A defensive play made by the batter to turn aside a pitch.
Woolley, p.318 - (Frank Edward) (1887-1978) "Canadian cricketer, one of the greatest of all time, remembered especially for his graceful left-handed swing." (www.britannica.com)
yorker, p.318 - "A delivery that pitches behind the popping crease." (Melville 145)
sward, p.67 - "The surface of soil covered with grass and other herbage." (OED)
sweet briar, p.203 - "a species of wild rose (R. rubiginosa) with fragrant leaves and shoots." (OED)
tarragon, p.179 - "A composite plant, Artemisia dracunculus, of the wormwood genus, a native of Southern Russia and Eastern Europe, the aromatic leaves of which are used to flavour salads, soups, etc." (OED)
Tamarisk tree, p.254 - "A plant of the genus Tamarix, a graceful evergreen shrub or small tree, with slender feathery branches and minute scale-like leaves, growing in sandy places in S. Europe and W. Asia, and now much planted by the sea-shore in the south of England." (OED)
teazles, p. 94 - variant form of teasel, "A plant of the genus Dipsacus, comprising herbs with prickly leaves and flower-heads; esp. fullers' teasel, D. fullonum, the heads of which have hooked prickles between the flowers, and are used for teasing cloth...and wild teasel, D. sylvestris, held by some to be the original type, but having straight instead of hooked prickles." (OED)
tussocks, p.168 - "A tuft, clump, or matted growth, forming a small hillock." (OED)
whins, p.227 - "The common furze or gorse" (OED); i.e., a kind of shrub.
Zostera marina, (M), p.137 - eelgrass: "a submerged long-leaved monocotyledonous marine plant (Zostera marina) of the eelgrass family that is abundant along the Atlantic coast and has stems used especially in woven products (as mats and hats)." (www.merriam-webster.com)
Affrike, p.337 - (Africa) "Whenever Chaucer mentions Africa, he is refering to the northern coast of that continent, and specifically to Numidia (what is now eastern Algeria) and the ancient city-state of Carthage." (Rossignol 6) It is reasonable to assume White uses it in the same manner.
Alisandrie, p.337 - Alexandria, a "seaport in Egypt, on the Mediterranean at the western end of the Nile delta. It was founded by, and took its name from, the renowned Greek military commander Alexander the Great, and became a center of Hellenistic culture." (Rossignol 11)
Amesbury, (M), p.184 - "A city in Wiltshire, on the edge of Salisbury Plain. Merlin set up the Giant's Dance -which he brought from Ireland- here, at the site that became known as Stonehenge. According to several sources, Guinevere retired to a nunnery in Amesbury after Arthur's death." (Bruce 20)
Arabie, p.337 - (Arabia) "Peninsula in Southwest Asia, between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf." (Rossignol 20)
Arthur's Seat, (M), p.190 - (Chair) "Refers to four locations in Britain: a rock formation at Tintagel, the saddle between the two highest peaks at Brecon Beacons in Wales, an extinct volcano east of Edinburgh, and a sandstone formation near Hadrian's Wall in Northumberland." (Bruce 46)
Avilion, p.287, (M) p.189 as Vale of Affalach - Avalon is the enchanted island where Arthur is reputed to be awaiting his return to the world.
Bannockburn, p.638 - "In 1314 on the moor, a 10,000-man Scots army led
by Robert Bruce routed 23,000 Englishmen under Edward II, thus climaxing Robert's struggle for Scottish independence and establishing him as king of the Scots." (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
Barham Down, p. 628 - "In the Stanzaic Morte Arthur, and in Malory, the site of the second battle between Arthur and Mordred, in which many good knights were slain. This followed the battle of Dover and preceded the final battle at Salisbury." (Bruce 58)
Bedegraine, p.245 - "A castle, city, meadow, and forest in Britain where Arthur decisively defeated the kings who rebelled against him at the beginning of his reign. Malory equates it with Sherwood Forest." (Bruce 61)
Benwick, p.315 - "Lancelot's homeland in France. It was ruled by his father, Ban and later by Lancelot himself." (Bruce 66) See Castles (Geographical).
Bermoothes, p.90 - Bermuda.
Bicester, p.10 - A town in Oxfordshire. (Mills 34)
Bodmin in Cornwall, (M), p.192 - See Arthurian References.
Calabre, p.337 - Calabria: "district of ancient Italy comprising area forming heel of the Italian Peninsula; now the S part of Puglia." (www.merriam-webster.com)
Camelot, p.56 (1st mention in White) - The traditional site of Arthur's court, with multiple possible locations including Cadbury, Caerleon, Winchester, and Carlisle.
Capadoce, p.337 - Cappadocia: "ancient district E Asia Minor chiefly in valley of the upper Kizil Irmak in modern Turkey." (www.merriam-webster.com)
Carbonek, p.452 - See Castles (Geographical).
Cardoyle, p.117 - "One of the locations frequently given as Arthur's capital, particularly in continental literature. It is almost certainly a variation of Carlisle in Cumberland." (Bruce 104)
Carlion, p.244 - "The city of the Legion." A ancient Roman legion town in southern Wales. Also "Caerleon."
Carlisle, p.454 - "A city in northwest England. Several authors suggest Carlisle as Arthur's capital, or as one of his courts." (Bruce 105)
Chorasmian Waste, p.383 - "Belonging to the Chorasmii, a tribe of Sogdiana. Chorasmian waste (poet.), the desert land south of the Sea of Aral and about the lower course of the Oxus; also allusively." (OED)
Collibe Sea, p.454 - a sea mentioned in passing in Malory's grail quest.
Cornwall, p.229 - A name for the southwest peninsula of England.
Cranford, (M), p.96 - "A former village in Middlesex district of London, England." (www.britannica.com)
Crecy, p. 56 - In France, the site of a battle during the Hundred Years War between Edward III of England and Philip VI of France in 1346. The English won a decisive victory.
Cuba, (M), p.117 - "Island state of the West Indies, consisting of one large island and numerous smaller islands, islets, and cays, and situated in the Atlantic Ocean, 90 miles (145 km) south of the tip of Florida, U.S." (www.britannica.com)
Cyprus, p.337 - "Island (and former kingdom) at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, south of Anatolia (modern Turkey)." (Rossignol 104)
Damaske, p.337 - Damascus: ancient city on the Ghuta oasis; principal administrative and economic power of central Syria during the early Islamic and Crusading eras. (Strayer vol. 4, 80-85)
Damiete, p.337 - Damietta: "An important city of ancient Egypt...It declined with the development of Alexandria (after 322 BC). In AD 638 it fell to Arab invaders, who made it a commercial centre famous for its textiles." (www.britannica.com)
East and West Camel, (M), p.191 - "A river in Cornwall. It begins in Bodmin Moor and empties into the sea near the town of Padstow. It is given by Geoffrey of Monmouth as the actual location of Camlann, where Arthur fought his final battle against Mordred." (Bruce 98)
Eriu, p.274 - Ireland.
Euphrates, p.337 - "River in the ancient land of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). It flows from east-central Turkey through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris." (Rossignol 133)
fen country, p.359 - Cambridgeshire.
Flanders, p.249 - "A country encompassing what is now parts of France and Belgium, across the sea from Britain." (Bruce 185)
Flodden, p.638 - "within two hours on September 9th. 1513 an army of 40,000 Scots was vanquished by 24,000 English. Beneath the grass of Flodden Field lie the bones of 12,000 men -- 10,000 of them Scots, including King James IV, the Archbishop of St. Andrews and many nobles -- and 1,000 horses." (www.britannica.com)
Galacie, p.337 - Galicia was the name of a province in northwestern Spain that was part of the kingdom of Castille. It is both remote and mountainous; nevertheless, during the medieval period, thousands of pilgrims came each year to visit the famous shrine of Saint James at Compostella." (Rossignol 148)
Garloth, p.221 - "A kingdom, castle, or city in northern Britain, near Clarence. The Vulgate Merlin mentions both Uriens and Nentres as its rulers." (Bruce 208)
Gore, p.221 - "A wild northern kingdom first featured in Chretien de Troyes's Lancelot. In the tales, it borders on North Wales or Scotland, and is surrounded by water." (Bruce 229) Also "Gorre."
Gramarye, p.131 - A term used to denote Arthur's England. White may be the first to use it in this context.
Hungary, p.170 - "In Malory, it is listed as the home of Sir Urry, the knight healed by Lancelot. Hungary did not exist as a country until the late tenth century, when Stephen I became its first king." (Bruce 270)
Hy Brazil, p.227 - "Name originally applied to one of the larger islands of the Azores; subsequently and chiefly to a legendary island located off the west coast of Ireland." (OED)
Iceland, p.170 - "It was the ninth century before Iceland was settled by Norse explorers. It had not been discovered during the Arthurian period." (Bruce 212)
Inde, p.337 - (India) "It always carries connotations of the exotic and mystical." (Rossignol 182)
Ireland, p.229 - "Ireland is often named as a kingdom subject to Arthur. Historically, Ireland was divided into a number of Celtic kingdoms during the Roman and Arthurian periods. The Romans never conquered Ireland, and Celtic culture continued to flourish in Ireland after the Saxons invaded Britain." (Bruce 275)
Kennaquhair, (M), p.183 - Fictional Scottish monastery (based on Melrose Abbey) that is the setting of Sir Walter Scott's The Monastery (1820). (Drabble 657)
Lambeth, p.501 - "A town in England, across the Thames River from London. Malory names it as the location of Sir Meleagant's castle, which in other legends is in Gorre." (Bruce 304)
Lapland, p.170 - "The most northerly portion of the Scandinavian peninsula." (OED)
Lincolnshire, p.171 - Eastern coast of England, north of Cambridgeshire. "It contains the region known as Lindsey, which may be the actual site of Linnus, the location of Arthur's battles against the Saxons mentioned by Nennius." (Bruce 318)
Lothian, p.216 - "A kingdom in southeast Scotland. In most Arthurian texts, it is ruled by King Lot." (Bruce 328)
Macedone, p.337 - (Macedonia) "An ancient kingdom in southeastern Europe, in the southern Balkan Peninsula. It is now a region divided among Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria." (Rossignol 224)
Malainn Vig, p.252 - "Malainn Bhig." A place in Donegal, Ireland.
Marches, p.42 - "the portions of England bordering respectively on Scotland and on Wales." (OED)
Micklegarth, (M), p.117 - Constantinople.
Mixbury Plantation, p.10 - in Oxfordshire. The name "Mixbury" is from Old English and means "dunghill burg." (Ekwall 313)
Montfaucon, p.422 - "Montfaucon is an eminence near Paris, once used as the Tyburn or place of execution. At one time it was crowded with gibbets, but at the Revolution they were destroyed, and it became the dustbin of the city." (www.bartleby.com)
Moor Park in Hertfordshire, p.97 - a famous mansion and garden, now a golf course.
Mortoise, p.466 - a passing reference from Malory, mentioned as the place where Launcelot boards the ship and meets his son Galahad.
Mount Etna, (M), p.189 - "active volcano on the east coast of Sicily. The name comes from the Greek Aitne, from aitho, "I burn." Etna is the highest active volcano in Europe, its topmost elevation being more than 10,000 ft (3,200 m)." (www.britannica.com)
Newbold Revell, p.635 - An area of Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, it is said to be the home of Sir Thomas Malory, author of the Morte D'Arthur.
New Forest, p.560 - "District, county of Hampshire, England, comprising the New Forest and its urbanized coastal fringe flanking Southampton Water and The Solent, together with rural areas around Ringwood and Fordingbridge in the west of the county." (www.britannica.com)
Northgalis, p.344 - Another name for North Wales.
North Humberland, p.229 - "A kingdom in the north of Britain, just south of Scotland." (Bruce 380)
North Wales, p.229 - "The northern part of Wales is given its own kingdom in a large number of Arthurian romances." (Bruce 380)
Norway, p.235 - "In Welsh legend, Norway is subject to Arthur, and the Norweigian warriors are led by Mark, Arthur's first cousin. In actuality, the kingdom of Norway did not exist until the late ninth century, being a collection of tribes prior to this time." (Bruce 381)
Notre Dame, p.540 - "A cathedral church in Paris, France. It is the most famous of the Gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages and is distinguished for its size, antiquity, and architectural interest." (www.britannica.com)
Orkney, p.217 - "A group of islands north of the island of Great Britain, just off the coast of Scotland." (Bruce 387)
Our Lady of Walsingham, p.424 - "Walsingham, in north Norfolk, England (United Kingdom) has been a place of pilgrimage since medieval times, when travel to Rome and Compostella was virtually impossible. The original Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham, founded in 1061, was destroyed at the Reformation. Many barren years passed until the Slipper Chapel, a 14th century wayside pilgrim chapel, was restored and pilgrimage to Walsingham began once more." (www.walsingham.org.uk/romancatholic)
Oven of Arthur, (M), p.191 - "Priests from Laon were supposedly shown a rock formation called "Arthur's Oven" in 1113 in Dumnonia. There is no modern locality with this name, though King's Oven on Dartmoor is a possibility." (Bruce 46)
Pavia, p.338 - "A town in northwest Italy, on the Ticino River, that was home to Sir Callyburne. When Arthur captured Rome, Pavia was one of the many lands to surrender to him and pay tribute." (Bruce 394)
Petersaint, p.338 - "One of the many Italian cities to surrender and send tribute to King Arthur after he had captured the city of Rome." (Bruce 404)
St. Piquier, p.533 - may be a reference to the library at St. Riquier, a Carolingian-era abbey church. (Strayer vol. 10, 94)
Pleasance, p.338 - "One of the many Italian cities to surrender to Arthur after he conquered Rome." (Bruce 408)
Portingale, p.337 - (Portugal) "Country on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe; it lies between Spain and the Atlantice Ocean." (Rossignol 296)
Salerno, (M), p.188 - "A seasport in southern Italy, on an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was famous in the Middle Ages for its medical school founded in AD 850." (Bruce 436)
Salisbury, p.459 - "In the chronicles, Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire serves as the location of a battle between King Vortigern and Hengist's Saxons. In the Vulgate Mort Artu, the Post-Vulgate Cycle, the Stanzaic Morte Arthur, and Malory, Salisbury Plain is named as the site of the final battle between Arthur and Mordred." (Bruce 436)
Sandwich, p.339 - "A seaport in Kent, on the southeast coast of England." (Bruce 437)
Sargasso Sea, p.304 - "A region in the North Atlantic, south of the 35th parallel, where masses of sargasso are found." (OED)
Sarras in Babylon, p.458 - "A legendary city and kingdom in Arabia, bordering the country of Egypt. Sarras was ruled in the grail histories by King Evalach, whom Joseph of Arimathea converted to Christianity. Its main temple, the Spiritual Palace served as Galahad's and Perceval's burial place." (Bruce 439)
Scotland, p.221 - "The northern half of the island of Great Britain, called Albany before the Scots arrived from Ireland in the fifth century and established territories there." (Bruce 442)
Sherwood, p.264 - "A forest in Nottinghamshire, identified by Malory with the forest of Bedegraine." (Bruce 447)
Siberia, p.170 - "Vast region of Russia and northern Kazakstan constituting all of northern Asia." (www.britannica.com)
Skellig Michael, (M), p.98 - A ruined monastery on the southwestern coast of Ireland. (www.britannica.com)
Sorhaute, p.296 - "A British city belonging to Galehaut in the Vulgate Lancelot and Urien in the Vulgate Merlin. In the latter it was the capital of Gorre, and served as a base of operations for the northern kings in their battles against the Saxons." (Bruce 451)
South Cadbury, p.191 - "In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, writers began to associate Camelot with a Roman hill fort near Cadbury, Somerset, possibly because of a local river called the Camel." (Bruce 92)
Spitzbergen, p.359 - Also Spitsbergen. "[G]roup of islands in Arctic Ocean N of Norway; belongs to Norway." (www.merriam-webster.com)
Stranggore, p.229 - The Strange Land, "in some passages . . . refers to the land of Gorre." (Bruce 454)
Surrie, p.337 - (Syria) "In ancient times, the term Syria denoted a region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, bordered by Egypt and Arabia to the south and west, and by Mesopotamia to the north." (Rossignol 344)
Tara of the Kings, p.237 - "A site in Meath, Ireland. There the king, the clergy, the princes, and the bards used to assemble in a large hall to consult on matters of public importance." (Murphy 1007)
Troyes, p.424 - "One of the major commercial cities of Capetian France, Troyes (Aube) developed from the Roman castrum of Augustobona. Sited on a loop of the Seine in northeastern France, it was located near the intersection of major roads that linked it with Flanders to the north, Lyon and Italy to the south." (Kibler 933)
Turkey, p.337 - In the Middle Ages, "Turkey comprised the present-day part of Turkey that is in Asia Minor, an area that mostly fell under the rule of Ottoman and Seljuk Turks." (Rossignol 374)
Walsingham, p.424 - See "Our Lady of Walsingham."
Warrington (where lived the best armorers), p.57 - Buckinghamshire. (Mills 347)
Weedon Bushes, p.10 - in Berkshire. The name "Weedon" is from Old English and means "hill with a temple." (Ekwall 479)
Wicken Wood, p.10 - in Cambridgeshire. "Wicken" is from Old English wic, meaning "dairy-farm." (Ekwall 492)
Winchester, p.31 - city in Hampshire (Mills 362) "In Malory, the city is identified with Camelot itself." (Bruce 496)
Windsor, p.134 - "A city in Berkshire, England, near London, on the Thames River." (Bruce 496)
Albertus Magnus, p.534 - (c.1200-1280) "Dominican bishop and philosopher best known as a teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas and as a proponent of Aristotelianism at the University of Paris." (www.britannica.com)
Aldrovandus, (M), p.28 - Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1607). Bolognese naturalist, writer, and university professor. (Encyclopedia Britannica vol. I)
Alexander, p.383 - (356-323 BC) "The son of Philip of Macedon, and conqueror of the civilized world. Founded the city of Alexandria in 331 BC." (Murphy 23)
d'Alton, (M), p.28 - (Edward Alfred) Author of History of Ireland (1911), a book White owned and may have been influenced by. (Brewer 229)
Archimedes, p.32 - (c287-212 BC) "Syracusan mathematician, astronomer, and inventor . . . discovered the principle of displacement of water." (Murphy, 46)
Aristotle, p. 39 - (384-322 BC) A Greek philosopher who studied at Plato's academy in Athens. He tutored Alexander the Great. Among the works that have come down to us are the Politics, the Poetics, Rhetoric, and De anima. (Murphy 49-50)
an Austrian who invented a new way of life, p.266 - Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) - Furher of Germany and leader of the Nazi party. Believed in the superiority of the Aryan race. One of the main individuals responsible for World War II, and for the deaths of millions of people, mostly Jews, in Nazi concentration camps.
Friar Bacon, p.534 - (c1220-1292) (Roger Bacon) "English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of experimental science. Bacon studied mathematics, astronomy, optics, alchemy, and languages. He was the first European to describe in detail the process of making gunpowder, and he proposed flying machines and motorized ships and carriages. Bacon...displayed a prodigious energy and zeal in the pursuit of experimental science; indeed, his studies were talked about everywhere and eventually won him a place in popular literature as a kind of wonder worker." (www.britannica.com)
Lord Baden-Powell, p.145 - (1857-1941) "British army officer who became a national hero for his 217-day defense of Mefeking in the South African War of 1899-1902; he later became famous as the founder of the Boy Scouts and Girl Guides." (www.britannica.com)
Baptista Porta, p.534 - "Giambattista della (John Baptist) Porta (1535-1615), was a Neapolitan scholar of notable ability who had devoted great attention to the study of natural and physical science. Porta visited most of his known world to gather and perfect the knowledge utilized in his writings." (members.tscnet.com/pages/omard1/jportat5.html)
Barnabas Visconti, p.536 - (1323-1385) Italian count. (www.britannica.com)
Bartholomeus Anglicus, p.408 - (fl. c.1220-1240) "Franciscan encyclopaedist who was long famous for his encyclopaedia, De proprietatibus rerum." (www.britannica.com)
Aubrey Beardsley, (M), p.5 - (1872-1898) "English artist. Beardsley is known for his black and white drawings on fantastic and erotic subjects, representative of an English aesthetic movement in the 1890s." (Murphy, 85) He illustrated Malory's Morte d'Arthur.
de Beer, (M), p.28 - Sir Gavin de Beer (1899-1972) was an "English zoologist and morphologist known for his contributions to experimental embryology, anatomy, and evolution." (www.britannica.com)
Duke of Berry, p.531 - (1340-1416) (John) Son of King John II (the Good) of France, brother of King Charles V. Despite his renown as one of the greatest patrons in the history of art, John was unpopular and often incompetent as a government officer. (Kibler 497-98)
blind poet, (M), p.5 - a reference to John Milton; the work White is alluding to is Milton's epic Paradise Lost.
Colonel Bogey, p.495 - A mythical British golfer who, while consistent, was never overly brilliant. (www.britannica.com)
Sir Thomas Browne, (M), p.12 - (1605-1682) "English author and physician, b. London, educated at Oxford and abroad, knighted (1671) by Charles II." (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
Lord Burleigh, p.456 - "Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and a peerage." (www.britannica.com)
Burton, (M), p.12 - (1577-1640) (Robert) "English churchman and prose writer. He was a passionate scholar with a consuming curiosity about every phase of learning: medicine, history, literature, science, and theology. Except for a few minor pieces, he left only one work, The Anatomy of Melancholy, into which he poured a lifetime of classical and heterodox learning." (Murphy 154)
Castor and Pollux, p. 90 - The twins of Leda and Zeus in Greek mythology. "They are the patron gods of mariners, appearing in St. Elmo's fire. In late myth they were identified with the constellation Gemini." (Murphy 177)
Miss Edith Cavell, p.123 - (1865-1915) "English nurse who became a popular heroine of World War I and was executed for assisting Allied soldiers to escape from German occupied Belgium." (www.britannica.com)
Charles the Fifth, p.533 - King of France. (r. 1364-1380)
Chaucer, p.245 - (1343?-1400) (Geoffrey) Often called the father of English poetry. Wrote a vast body of works, including the Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde, and the Legend of Good Women. He translated the Romance of the Rose and Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, among others.
Children of Lir, p.169 - A late medieval romance known in Irish as the Oidheadh Chlainne Lir. (MacKillop 311).
Cinderella, p.179 - A well-known children's story that is the product of a lengthy folkloristic tradition. See Murphy (204) for a detailed description of Cinderella motif.
Circe, p.103 - A sorceress in Greek mythology. She turned Odysseus's companions into swine, but failed to do the same to him. She was the aunt of Medea. (Murphy 205)
Clausewitz, (M), p.28 - (1789-1831) (Carl Philipp Gottlieb von) "Prussian general whose writings, especially On War, advocated the concept of total war, in which an enemy's territory, property, and citizens are attacked." (www.britannica.com)
Friar Clynn, (M), p.175 - (c.1300-c.1349) (John) "Irish Franciscan and annalist...his celebrity rests on his "Annals of Ireland", from the birth of Christ to the year 1349. Latin, the entries are at first meagre and uninteresting; but from 1315 Clynn deals with what he himself saw, and, though such things as the building of a choir and the consecration of an altar would interest only his own order and time, other entries throw much light on the general history of the country." (www.newadvent.org/cathen)
Cleopatra, (M), p.13 - (Cleopatra VII, 69-30 BC) "Last Macedonian queen of Egypt. She was driven from the throne by her brother but reinstated by Julius Caesar in 48." (Murphy 210) After Caesar's assassination, she supported the triumvirate, and became involved with Mark Antony. After his death, she committed suicide to avoid falling into the hands of Octavius.
Coeur de Lion, p.297 - (1157-1199) King Richard I of England. Spent most of his reign fighting in the Crusades.
Conan, p.239 - "a name found with differing associations in three Celtic lands." (MacKillop 87) For the various associations, consult MacKillop.
Confucius, (M), p.172 - (551?-479 BC) "Chinese political and ethical philosopher, educator, and would-be reformer. Failing to achieve personal ambition and success, Confucius taught a large number of disciples who carried on, developed, and at times altered his teachings. By the second century BC, Confucianism was the dominant philosophy in China. Confucius advocated a this-worldly, rational philosophy, which emphasizes humanity (jen), propriety (li), reverence for the ancient sages, and government by personal virtue." (Murphy 222)
Conor Mac Nessa, p.237 - Conchobar, legendary King of Ulster, whose seat was the legendary Emain Macha. Figures prominently in the Ulster Cycle tales of Cuchulainn, Deirdre, and others.
A.B. Cook, (M), p.28 - See "Zeus" in Literary References and Books.
Cressida, p.611 - See Literary References and Books.
Cromwell, p.39 - (1599-1658) (Oliver) Leader of the English Puritan revolt against Charles I. After the king's death, Cromwell assumed the title of Lord Protector of the Realm. He ruled until his death in 1658. (Murphy 239)
Cuchullain, p.627 - "The greatest hero in early Irish literature and the principle hero of the Ulster Cycle. Learned 19th-century commentators routinely compared him to Hercules and Siegfried for feats of valour and supremacy over all contenders." (Mackillop 102)
Curie, p.628 - (1867-1934) (Marie) "Polish scientist. [Marie] Curie is best known for her discovery, with her husband, Pierre Curie, of radium. . . they were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics (1903) for this discovery. She again won the Nobel Prize in 1911, this time in chemistry. (Murphy 243)
Darwin, (M), p.39 - (1809-1882) (Charles Robert) "English naturalist. . . an original expounder of the theory of evolution by natural selection, since known as Darwinism." (Murphy 253)
Sir David had fought...Lord Welles, p.605 - A famous tournament fought at London Bridge in May 1390, in which Sir David Lindsay defeated Lord Welles. (www.electricscotland.com)
Drayton, (M), p.191 (1563-1631) (Michael) "English poet. Born in the same county (Warwickshire) as Shakespeare, Drayton matched the master in the range, if not the quality, of his poetic achievement." (Murphy 290)
Duruy, p.423 - (1811-1894) "French scholar and public official who, as national minister of education (1863-69), initiated extensive and controversial reforms." (www.britannica.com) Author of History of France, a book White owned and may have been influenced by. (Brewer 229)
Albert Einstein, p.124 - (1879-1955) German-born, Swiss-educated American physicist. He is famous for his general theory of relativity. He was instrumental in pioneering quantum theory, and was among the first to suggest that the energy split of atoms could be used in bombs. Generally regarded as one of the greatest minds in history. (Murphy 308)
Elliott-Smith, (M), p.28 - (1871-1937) (Sir G. Elliott) Author of The Evolution of Man: Essays (London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1924).
Eltringham, (M), p.28 - (Harry) Author of Senses of Insects (London: Methuen, 1933).
Enguerrand de Marigny, p.537 - (1260-1315) "Powerful chamberlain to the French King Philip IV the Fair, who depended heavily on Marigny's advice on foreign policy and on relations between king and church. Marigny was described as the man who knew all the king's secrets and who encouraged Philip to make a drastic departure from his father's foreign policy." (www.britannica.com)
Erasmus, p.87 - (1466-1536) Dutch scholar and philosopher, noted for his satire Moriae encomium (The Praise of Folly, 1509). (Murphy 326)
Jessie L. Eston, (M), p.190 - Probably a reference to Jessie L. Weston (1850-1928), scholar of Arthurian literature.
Dr. Sebastian Evans, (M), p.190 - See "The High History of the Holy Grail" in Literary References and Books.
Guy Fawkes, p.421 - (1570-1606) Conspirator in the Gunpowder plot against King James I. Captured, convicted, and hanged for his part in the conspiracy. (Stephen and Lee, Drant-Finan, 1129-33)
Fianna, p.239 - The band of legendary Irish heroes led by Finn MacCoul. (Murphy 351)
Finn MacCoul, p.257 - Legendary Irish hero of the Fenian Cycle. Educated by a poet, and made wise by eating the salmon of knowledge. He is the doer of many great and marvelous deeds. (Murphy 351)
Flavius Arrianus, p.43 - (d. AD 180) "Greek historian and philosopher who was the author of a work describing the campaigns of Alexander the Great." (www.britannica.com)
Frazer, (M), p.28 - (1854-1941) (Sir James George) Wrote The Golden Bough, "a comprehensive work on comparative religion and mythology. The title refers to the branch broken from a sacred tree by Aeneas before his descent into the underworld." (Murphy 409)
French Mary, p.476 - Presumably Marie de France, daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and patron of the arts.
Galand, p.366 - Possibly corruption of Wayland, "a wonderful and invisible smith of English legend." (Murphy 1100)
the Galeotto one which Dante mentions, p.604 - See Literary References and Books.
Ganymede, (M), p.27 - "In Greek mythology, the cup-bearer of Zeus, successor to Hebe, and a type of youthful male beauty. The son of Tros, and early king of Troy, he was carried off by Zeus on the back of an eagle because of his unusual beauty." (Murphy 383)
David Garnett, (M), p.151 - "1892-1981, novelist, won acclaim for the imaginativeness of such works as Lady into Fox (1923) and A Man in the Zoo (1924)." (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
Geoffrey of Monmouth, (M), p.4 - (c1100-1155) "Medieval English historian. A canon at Oxford, he wrote the important Latin prose History of the Kings of Britain (Historia regum Britanniae), one of the sources of the Arthurian legend and of considerable literary influence." (Murphy 392-3)
St. George, p.138 - The patron saint of England, who, according to tradition, was a dragon-slayer. He is one of the heroes in Edmund Spencer's Faerie Queene.
Gerald the Welshman, (M), p.5 - (c.1146-c.1223) "Archdeacon of Brecknock, Brecknockshire, and historian, whose accounts of life in the late 12th century stand as a valuable historical source." (www.britannica.com)
Gervase of Tilbury, (M), p.191 - "fl. 1200, medieval author, b. England. He became marshal of the kingdom of Arles under Emperor Otto IV and wrote the Otia imperiala, a miscellany of legend, history, and politics." (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
Gibbon, (M), p.27 - (1737-1794) (Edward) "English historian, noted for his masterpiece The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." (Murphy 397)
Giles de Retz, p.531 - Also written as Gilles de Raiz (1404-40), a comrade of Joan of Arc who was notorious for his callous murdering of infants. (Lewis 1)
Giraldus Cambrensis, (M), p.28 - See Gerald the Welshman.
Pope Gregory VII, p.534 - (r. 1073-1085) Spent his papacy trying to define and solidify the Pope's power over spiritual matters. Came into conflict with Henry IV of France, who subsequently invaded Rome and forced Gregory to flee the city. (Peters 218-20)
Gregory of Tours, p.424 - (538/539-594-595) "Bishop and write whose History of the Franks is a major source for knowledge of the 6th-century Franco-Roman kingdom." (www.britannica.com)
Gulliver, (M), p.113 - See Literary References and Books.
Haile Selassie, p.338 - (1892-1975) "Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 who sought to modernize his country and who steered it into the mainstream of post-World War II African politics." (www.britannica.com)
Hecate, p.39 - "One of the Titans of Greek Mythology. [She] became a deity of the lower world after taking part in the search for Persephone. She taught witchcraft and sorcery and was a goddess of the dead." (Murphy 456)
Henry the First, p.336 - (1067/8-1135) King of England, youngest son of William the Conqueror.
Henry the Third, p.336 - (1207-1272) King of England following his father John.
Herodotus, (M), p.28 - (c480-c425 BC) "A Greek historian, often called the Father of History. Heredotus was the first to carry on research into the events of the past and to treat them in a rational rather than a mythical manner." (Murphy 469)
Hippocrates, (M), p.12 - (406?-?377 BC) "A Greek physician born on the island of Cos; known as the Father of Medicine. According to tradition, he devised a code of moral ethics that imposed on his disciples the oath still administered to those about to enter medical practice and known as the Hippocratic oath. Eighty-seven treatises are attributed to him." (Murphy 474)
W.H. Hudson, p.176 - (1841-1922) English naturalist and novelist.
Hughes the Elizabethan, (M), p.5 - (fl. 1587) (Thomas) Elizabethan playwright; author of The Misfortunes of Arthur, a play performed for Elizabeth I in 1588.
hunchback of Arras, p.476 - (c1250-c1306) (Adam de le Halle) "[P]oet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre." (www.britannica.com)
Hus, p.531 - (1370-1415) (Jan) A popular reformist preacher in Eastern Europe, condemned for heresy and burned at the stake in 1415.
Ingulf of Croyland, p.530 - (d. 1109) Abbot of Croyland, Lincolnshire. Secretary to William the Conqueror. (www.newadvent.org/cathen)
James the First, p.333 - (1566-1625, r.1603-1625) First Stuart King of England.
Jerome, p.531 - a follower of Jan Hus, he was executed for heresy the year after Hus suffered the same fate.
Jocasta, p. 611 - See Literary References and Books.
John, p.336 - (1167-1216) King of England. Compelled to sign Magna Carta in 1215, a document that empowered the English barons. (Murphy 531)
John Ball, p.519 - (d. 1381) "priest, fomented the insurrection of Wat Tyler. His doctrines were in great part those of Wycliffe." (Stephen and Lee, abbadie-beadon, 993)
John of Salisbury, p.423 - (1115/20-1180) "One of the best Latinists of his age, . . .was secretary to Theobald and Thomas Becket, archbishops of Canterbury, and who became bishop of Chartres." (www.britannica.com)
John Scotus Erigena, p.367 - (d. c877-79) An Irish teacher in the palace of Charles the Bald. He commented on the arts, wrote poetry, engaged in theological controversy, translated important works of Greek theological speculation into Latin. . . and in Periphyseon produced one of the most important and original works of the early Middle Ages. (Strayer vol.7, 141)
de Joinville, p.435 - (c.1224-1317) "Author of the famous Histoire de Saint-Louis, a chronicle in French prose providing a supreme account of the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254)." (www.britannica.com)
Joseph of Arimathea, p.369 - In Christian legend, the bringer of the Holy grail to England. Said to have founded the abbey at Glastonbury. (Murphy 538)
Abbess Juliana Berners, p.333 - author of the earliest English treatise on fly fishing, written in 1496.
Juserand, (M), p.28 - (Jean Jules Jusserand) Author of English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages (1939), a book White owned and may have been influenced by. (Brewer 229)
Anna Karenina, p.388 - See Literary References and Books.
Kipling, (M), p.6 - (1865-1936) (Rudyard) "English short-story writer, poet, and novelist. In 1907 Kipling became the first English writer to be awarded the Nobel prize." (Murphy 559-60)
Lars Porsenna, p.337 - "In the 6th century BC, king of Clusium in Etruria. Porsenna led an expedition against Rome, but was stopped from entering the city by the bravery of Horatius Cocles." (Murphy 821)
Lawrence, (M), p.164 - (1888-1935) (Thomas Edward) "English soldier, archaeologist, and author. [Thomas Edward (called Lawrence of Arabia)] Lawrence is famous for his activities in arousing and directing a successful rebellion of the Arabs against the Turks during World War I." (Murphy 585)
Layamon, (M), p.5 - See "Brut" in Literary References and Books.
Linnaeus, p.157 - (1707-1778) - Swedish botanist who established a classification system for plants. (Murphy 603)
Llewellyn ap Griffith, p.529 - (d.1282) Prince of Wales, Llywelyn ab Iorwerth was his grandfather. Led a Welsh uprising against Henry III. Concluded a treaty with Henry granting him the principality of Wales. Upon Henry's death, his successor Edward I resumed hostilities with Llewellyn, and Llewellyn was killed trying to fight his way out of the Snowdonia region in Wales. (Lee, vol. XII, 13-21)
St. Louis, p.383 - (1214-1270) King Louis IX of France. Led a Crusade in 1248, and was taken prisoner in 1250. "He personified the highest ideals of a medieval, chivalric Christian ruler." (Attwater 226-27)
Louis the Eleventh, p.531 - (r. 1461-1483) King of France.
MacAllister, (M), p.28 - Probably R.A.S. Macalister, author of Ireland in Pre-Celtic Times, a book White owned and may have been influenced by.
Maccabee, (M), p.164 - "The Hebrew patriot who gained decisive victories against the Syrians. In 165 BC, Judas Maccabaeus entered Jerusalem and reconsecrated the Temple; Hanukkah, the Jewish feast of dedication, commemorates this event." (Murphy 541).
Queen Maeve, p.237 - "Medb, warrior-queen of Connacht, leading figure in the Ulster Cycle, and the most vibrant female personality in all of Celtic mythology. (MacKillop 288)
Mandeville, p.635 - See Literary References and Books.
Karl Marx, (M), p.87 - (1818-1883) German socialist who, with Frederich Engels, formulated the principles of Dialectical Materialism, or economic determinism." (Murphy 659). With Engels, wrote the Communist Manifesto.
Matthew Paris, p.605 - (c1200-1259) "English historian, most famous of the chroniclers at the Benedictine monastery of St. Albans." (Murphy 776)
Dean Millman, (M), p.28 - Probably a reference to Dean Henry Hart Milman (1791-1868), a professor, dean, poet, and historian. (Drabble 674)
Milton, (M), p.190 - (1608-1674) (John) "English poet and prose writer, one of the best-known and most respected figures in English literature." His principle work, Paradise Lost, is considered to be the greatest epic ever written in English. (Murphy 686)
Naussica, p.406 - See Literary References and Books.
Nennius, (M), p.4 - (c800) "An early medieval Welsh historian. Nennius is important in connection with the origins of Arthurian literature. He specifically mentions an Arthur, crediting him with a part in twelve victories over invading Anglo-Saxons and with killing 960 by himself." (Murphy 723)
Nietzsche, (M), p.164 - (1844-1900) (Fredrich) - "German philosopher, classical scholar, and poet. Long misunderstood and even reviled as a result of misuses of his work, most notably by the Nazis, Nietzsche has become probably the most influential philosopher of the late 20th century." (Murphy 731)
Mr. Nutt, (M), p.190 - Probably Alfred Nutt (1856-1910), scholar of folklore and medieval Celtic literature.
O'Connell, p.345 - (1775-1847) (Daniel) Irish nationalist, statesman, and orator. Opposed the Act of Union (1801), and was a strong proponent of Irish independence. (Murphy 745)
Parkman, (M), p.28 - (1823-1893) (Francis) American historian. (Murphy 777)
Pasteur, p.628 - (1822-1895) (Louis) "French chemist. [Louis] Pasteur is famous for his discoveries in applied bacteriology. His most sensational work concerned the development of a curative treatment for hydrophobia (rabies). Popularly, his name is associated with the process called pasteurization, which he developed, which causes the destruction of pathogenic organisms in milk and other liquids." (Murphy 781)
Philip Augustus of France...Bovines, p.341 - (1180-1223) The Battle of Bouvines, in which Phillip Augustus defeated the German King Otto IV, took place in 1214.
Pinnow, (M), p.27 - (1884-?) (Hermann) - German historian.
Edgar Allen Poe, p.517 - (1809-1849) "American poet, critic, and short-story writer." (Murphy 813)
Prescott, (M), p.28 - (1796-1859) American historian. (Murphy 827)
Proserpine, p.160 - Known as Persephone in Greek, she was the daughter of Demeter who was abducted by Hades. Forced to spend half the year in the underworld and half in the overworld, her comings and goings were thought to correspond to the changing seasons. (Murphy 793)
Purcell, (M), p.5 - (c1659-1695) (Henry) "Outstanding English Baroque composer. [Henry] Purcell's early work consisted largely of sacred music, hymns and anthems. After 1689, when he wrote his exquisite opera Dido and Aeneas, he concentrated almost exclusively on music for the stage." He wrote the music for the John Dryden's libretto King Arthur (1691). (Murphy 841)
Don Quixote, (M), p.189 - See Literary References and Books.
Raymond Lully, p.534 - (ca. 1232-1316) Christian thinker who displayed a great interest in Islam. (Strayer vol.7, 685-86)
Richard III, p.431 - (1452-1485) King of England, brother of Edward IV. Presumably murdered the young Edward V in order to gain the throne for himself. Defeated and killed at the battle of Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor (later Henry VII). (Murphy 869)
Duke Robert, p.531 - (d.1035) "Younger son of Richard II of Normandy, and the father, by his mistress Arlette, of William the Conqueror of England." (www.britannica.com)
Robert of Thornton, (M) p.188 - "A frugal Yorkshire gentleman, copied two large compilations of religious texts, medical tracts, and romances." (Rosenthal, Szarmach, and Tavormina 578).
Roland, (M), p.164 - See Literary References and Books.
Sancho Panza, (M), p.51 - See Literary References and Books.
Siegfried, (M), p.5 - The quintessential Germanic hero; also known as Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer, from the Icelandic Volsung Saga.
Silenus, p.294 - "The foster-father of Bacchus, and leader of the satyrs." (OED)
Silvester the Second, p.533 - (r. 2 Apr.999-12 May 1003) "showed himself an intransigent champion of the traditional rights of the papacy." (Kelly 136-37)
Sinbad, (M), p.97 - See Literary References and Books.
Smith, (M), p.28 - Probably Grafton Elliot Smith, author of The Evolution of Man (1927), a book White owned and may have been influenced by.
Dr. Sommer, (M), p.190 - (1861-?) (Heinrich Oskar) Scholar of medieval and Arthurian literature.
Spenser, (M), p.190 - (1552?-1599) (Edmund) "One of the greatest English poets, and the first major English writer to arise after Chaucer." His greatest work, "The Faerie Queene is simultaneously a nationalistic paean to the greatness of Elizabeth and her England, an imaginative romance, and a moral allegory of the soul in quest of salvation." (Murphy 972)
Swan of Avon, (M), p.165 - See Shakespeare.
Tacitus, (M), p.28 - (AD 55?-117) (Cornelius) "Roman historian. Tacitus's most ambitious works were the Historiae, a history of his own times, from AD 69 to 96, and the Annales, a detailed account of events from the death of Augustus to the year 69." (Murphy 1002)
Tennyson, (M), p.190 - (1809-1892) (Alfred, Lord Tennyson) "English poet. . . considered highly representative of the Victorian age in England." (Murphy 1013). Arguably his greatest work is the Idylls of the King, a retelling of Malory.
Thierry, (M), p.27 - (1795-1856) (Augustin) "French historian. His vivid literary style, romantic treatment of events, and use of contemporary documents helped to create interest in historical studies in the early 19th cent. His two most famous works, Histoire de la conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands (3 vol., 1825; tr. History of the Conquest of England by the Normans, 3 vol., 1825) and Récits des temps mérovingiens (2 vol., 1840; tr. Narratives of the Merovingian Era, 1845), were great popular successes; however, they lacked exact scholarship and advanced conclusions based on dubious premises. (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
Thomas of Hutton Coniers, (M), p.5 - reference to Sir Thomas Malory, once believed by some to be the same man as a certain Thomas Malory of Hutton. (Strayer vol. 8, 61)
Trevelyan, (M), p.28 - (1876-1962) (George Macaulay) "English historian, son of the distinguished historian Sir George Otto Trevelyan. Professor of modern history at Cambridge from 1927-1951, Trevelyan believed that history should be written as literature, that is, to be read, and that historical evidence should be measured with a humanistic eye, as well as with a scientist's calculation." (Murphy 1041)
Ulrich von Zatzikhoven, (M), p.190 - Swiss cleric who composed the Middle High German Lanzelet sometime in the late twelfth century. (Lacy 481)
Uther the Conqueror, 1066 to 1216, p.195 - a substitution of Uther for William I, who reigned from 1066 until 1087. 1216 marks the death of King John.
Villars de Honnecourt, p.532 - (c.1225-c.1250) (as Villard de Honnecourt) "French architect remembered primarily for the sketch book complied while he traveled in search of work as a master mason." (www.britannica.com)
Sir Rowland Ward, p.117 - nineteenth-century publisher of books on hunting and wildlife. (www.rowlandward.com)
Dr. Wechssler, (M), p.190 - (b.1869) (Eduard) German Arthurian writer.
Duke of Wellington, p.561 - (1769-1852) Defeated Napolean at the battle of Waterloo. Prime Minister of England, 1828-30. (Murphy 1104)
William of Malmesbury, p.534 - (c1090?-c1143) "English historian, librarian at the monastery of Malmesbury. Wrote a Latin history of England, the famous Gest regum Anglorum (Chronicle of the Kings of England, c1220-28), and continued it to 1142 in the sequel Historia movella (Modern History)." (Murphy 1116)
William Rufus, p.228 - Son of William I. Second king of England (c. 1056-1100).
Wolfram von Eschenbach, (M), p.190 - (c1170-c1220) "German minnesinger, or lyric poet. Wolfram is known for three verse epics, Parzival, Willehalm, and Titurel, as well as a collection of love lyrics." (Murphy 1124)
Wordsworth, (M), p.190 - (1770-1850) (William) "English poet. Wordsworth is known for his worship of nature, his humanitarianism, his early sympathy with democratic liberalism, and is interest in the lives, the daily pursuits, and the common speech of common people. With his friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge, he was one of the early leaders of English Romanticism." (Murphy 1127)
Duke of York, killed at Agincourt, p.43 - Edward, Second Duke of York was slain in the battle with the French (1415).
Scandinavian conquest, p.273 - Vikings began raiding Britain in the mid 800s, and had established permanent settlements by 878. This part of England was known as the Danelaw. (Peters 163)
Uther Pendragon's conquest of the Saxons, p.104 - here Uther takes the place of William of Normandy, called the Conqueror, who became King William I of England in 1066.
Wild West, p.582 - a reference to the American West during the latter half of the 19th century.
mask, p.149 - "Hunting. [T]he head-skin of any 'game'." (OED)
meet, p.134 - The hunt.
menee, p.143 - "note sounded on a horn; also the baying of a hound hunting." (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 291)
M.F.H., p.43 - The Master of Fox Hounds, the person in charge of the hounds in a fox hunt. (www.equestrianconnection.net)
mort, p.9 - a horn-note signaling that the quarry is killed. (Moran 24)
os, p.142 - The dew-claws of the stag and hind. (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 292)
prise, p.152 - "A horn signal . . . in England for the hart and buck after the kill." (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 293)
recheats, p.140 - a. "The act of calling together the hounds to begin or continue the chase of a stag." b. "The series of notes sounded on the horn for . . . these purposes." (OED)
sounders (of boars), p.18 - "What men call a trip of tame swine is called of wild swine a sounder, that is to say if there be passed five or six together." (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 53)
suet, p.142 - "The fat of the red-deer and the fallow-deer." (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 296)
swef, p.148 - "a hunting cry, meaning gently or softly." (Baillie-Grohman and Baillie-Grohman 296)
undoing, p.9 - "the flaying and butchering of the animal." (also the unmaking or breaking) (Cummins 41)
venery, p.134 - "derived in one sense from the Latin venari, 'to hunt'." (Cummins 81)
warrantable, p.23 - "Applied to a stag which is of an age to be hunted." (OED)
Cabricias arci thuram, catalamus, singulariter, nominativa, haec
musa ... Bonus, Bona, Bonum ... Deus Sanctus, est-ne oratio Latinas? Etiam, oui, quare, Pourquoi? Quai substantivo et adjectivum concordat in generi, numerum et casus, p. 61 - Merlyn's magical incantation. As Brewer explains, "[f]ragments of Latin from the schoolroom mixed up with French as well as assorted bits of mumbo-jumbo are deployed in his spells." (142)
canibus nostris porkericis, p.132 - with our boar-hounds.
corpus striatum, (M), p.29 - striated body. "[E]ither of a pair of masses of nervous tissue within the brain that contain two large nuclei of gray matter separated by sheets of white matter." (www.merriam-webster.com)
ex officio, p.535 - by service.
ferae naturae, (M), p.7 - See Animals, Mythical and Real.
fieri facias, p.510 - you should cause it to be done. "A writ of execution authorizing a sheriff to lay a claim to and seize the goods and chattels of a debtor to fulfill a judgment against the debtor." (www.bartleby.com/am)
Future Simple of Utor, p.10 - utabor, utaberis, utabitur, utamur, utamini, utuntur
genitive plurals, p.309 - the part of speech indicating plural possession.
Hic, Haec, Hoc, p.11 - demonstrative meaning this or these: masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of the nominative singular.
Hic jacet Arthurus Rex quondam Rexque futurus, p.287 - Here lies Arthur, the once and future king.
Homo ferox/sapiens, p.629 - ferocious man and intelligent man.
Hunc, p.11 - masculine accusative singular demonstrative meaning "this, these."
jus primae noctis, p.510 - the right to the first night; or, in the Middle Ages, the lord's right to sleep with the bride of a serf on the wedding night.
lignum crucis, signum ducis, sequitur exercitus, p.435 - wood of the cross, sign of the leader, the multitude was followed.
lignum vitae, p.29 - the wood of life.
magnum opus, p.277 - great work.
neopallium, (M), p.29 - "The phylogenetically youngest portion of the pallium of the brain, which appears first among the more advanced reptiles and which among the mammals has become the largest part of the brain. Cf. NEOCORTEX." (OED)
Nunc Dimittis, p.248 - See Religion.
nuncio, p.597 - See Religion.
Pax, p.69 - peace (Pax Non = no peace).
Per Splendorum Dei, p.336 - through the splendor of God.
Pons Asinorum, p.389 - Latin, meaning "bridge of fools"; see Terms and Expressions.
pro et contra, p.510 - for and against.
questio quid juris, p.510 - I ask what (point) of the law (applies).
quod caudam in posteriori parte oblitus fuerat adaptare, p.534 - because he forgot to adjust the tail in the rear part.
Requim aeternum dona ei, Domine, p.537 - Eternal rest granted unto him, O Lord.
sic et non, p.510 - yes and no.
sinister side, p.329 - the left side; sinister, sinistra, sinistrum.
status quo, p.631 - the state in which; i.e., the existing state of things.
Brut, (M), p.5 - (c1205) "A Middle English verse rendition by the English priest Layamon (fl.1198-1207) of Wace's Norman French Roman De Brut. A mixture of alliteration and rhyme, it is the first long poem in Middle English with any claim to literary quality, marking the first appearance of the story of King Arthur in English." (Murphy 143)
Comic History of England, (M), p.28 - Humorous retelling of English history by Gilbert A. A'Beckett (1811-1856).
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, (M), p.39 - (1889) "A novel by Mark Twain. A blow on the head conveys the superintendent of a Hartford arms factory back to the days of King Arthur. As the Yankee's ingenuity and know-how encounter the world of medieval superstition, Twain takes the opportunity to satirize the Old World, Chivalry, kings, and the church." (Murphy 223)
Cressida, p.611 - "The beloved of Troilus in Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde. Criseyde is more complicated than her prototype in Boccaccio's Il Filostrato; although a practical opportunist, she is genuinely affectionate, not the heartlessly fickle girl she becomes in Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida." (Murphy 238)
Essays on the Evolution of Man, (M), p.28 - See "Elliott-Smith" in Historical and Legendary Persons.
Four Masters, (M), p.28 - The Annals of the Four Masters is a history of the world, compiled in Ireland between 1632 and 1636. (The Columbia Encyclopedia. Sixth Edition, 2001)
the Galeotto one which Dante mentions, p.604 - "The Italian name of Gallehault, one of the forms of Galahad, which has attached to itself quite a divergent meaning. Its modern connotations come from a passage in Dante's Inferno telling how Paolo and Francesca read of a guilty kiss between Launcelot and Guinevere and yielded to the suggestion. Gallehault was the knight who had brought Launcelot and the queen together, and he performed the same office for Paolo and Francesca. Hence, though far from the character of Galahad, Galeotto has become a term for a panderer in Italy and Spain." (Murphy 380)
Gulliver, (M), p.113 - Protagonist of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver journeys to four different lands, Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa, and Houyhnhmland. "Swift's bitterest work, Gulliver's Travels satirizes man's abuse of human reason as reflected in his political, social, and academic institutions; at best, man is foolish; at worst, he is nothing more than an ape." (Murphy 435)
The High History of the Holy Grail, (M), p.190 - I.e., The High History of the Holy Graal, or Perlesvaus. Translated from Old French by Sebastian Evans.
Jeu d'Echecs Moralise, p.424 - French version of the Liber de ludo scacchorum, by Jacobus de Cessolis, a treatise on chess. (www.bartleby.com)
Jocasta, p. 611 - Mother and later wife of Oedipus, she committed suicide upon learning the truth about her long-lost son.
Jorrocks, p.296 - Created by Robert Smith Surtees (1803-1864), "one of the great comic characters of English literature, a Cockney grocer who is as blunt as John Bull and entirely given over to fox hunting." (www.britannica.com)
Anna Karenina, p.388 - The heroine of a novel by the same name by Leo Tolstoy, "Anna meets and falls in love wit Aleksei Vronski, a handsome young officer. She abandons her child and husband in order to be with Vronski. When she thinks Vronski has tired of her, she kills herself by leaping under a train." (Murphy 38-39)
Kim, p.459 - (1901) "A novel of Indian life by Rudyard Kipling. The hero, Kimball O'Hara, in an Irish orphan raised as an Indian in Lahore. The book abounds in brilliant descriptions of Indian scenes and deeply sympathetic portraits of her people." (Murphy 557)
Lamb's letter to Southey, (M), p.46 - Charles Lamb and Robert Southey were contemporaries of Wordsworth and Coleridge.
Legenda Aurea, p.424 - (The Golden Legend) "Hagiographic collection of Jacobus de Voragine in the 13th century." (www.britannica.com)
Libellus Merlini, (M), p.170 - "White is referring to Seven Strange Prophesies...some whereof are accomplished in this year 1643 by an unknown author." (Brewer 148)
Lutterell Psalter, p.535 - A 14th-century manuscript with famous marginal scenes depicting medieval work and play.
Mac and the Shepherds, p.310 - a reference to a medieval mystery play known as The Second Shepherds' Play (by the "Wakefield Master"), or some version of it. Mac is the main character of The Second Shepherds' Play.
Mandeville, p.635 - Sir John Mandeville of St. Albans, narrator of The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, a fictional account of the title character's wondrous adventures in the East, written in French in the late fourteenth century. (Strayer vol. 8, 81-82)
motion play, p.310 - i.e., a puppet show.
Naussica, p.406 - In Homer's Odyssey, the daughter of Alcinous, king of the Phaecians. Naussica conducts Odysseus to the court of her father when he is shipwrecked on the coast." (Murphy 721)
Pre-Raphaelites, p.320 - "A group of artists and poets formed in London in 1848. . . their endorsement of the detailed and idealized depiction of nature in early Italian painting led them to adopt the title of Pre-Raphaelites, and to stress their rejection of academicism, which they traced to Raphael and the High Renaissance." (Murphy 827)
pricking...o'er the plain, p.61 - an allusion to the first appearance of the Redcrosse Knight in Book One of Edmund Spenser's Faerie Queene.
Quasimodo, p.368 - In the Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo, "a deformed bellringer, whose devotion saves Esmerelda for a time when she seeks protection from the mob in the belfry of the cathedral." (Murphy 493)
Don Quixote, (M), p.189 - The hero of Miguel Cervantes's novel of the same name, he is "a gaunt country gentleman, kindly and dignified. . . his mind is so crazed by reading romances of chivalry that he believed himself called upon to redress the wrongs of the whole world." (Murphy 283)
Roland, (M), p.164 - "The most famous of Charlemagne's paladins in medieval romances. Roland's story grew up around the name of Hruotland of Brittany, historical leader of Charlemagne's rear guard in the defeat at Roncevalles. Tradition makes Roland the nephew of Charlemagne. He is the most perfect type of the devotedly loyal and courageous knight who sacrifices himself in service to his king." (Murphy 880-81)
Said he was a wolf, only the difference was a wolf's skin on the outside, p.83 - Paraphrasing a speech on lycanthropy in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi, V.ii.
Sancho Panza, (M), p.51 - "The squire of Don Quixote in Cervantes's novel. Panza is a short pot-bellied rustic, full of common sense, but without a grain of 'spiritu